The hydrometer should be removed, rinsed and placed. Hydrometer method is used to determine the particle size distribution of finegrained soils passing 75 sieve. Hydrometer paper particle size distribution soil scribd. Figure 1 shows the pipet method and figure 2 shows a typical hydrometer used for soil solution density measurements. Grain size analysis astm d 422 sieve analysis purpose. Sieve analysis and hydrometer tests lab report 1430w9m9094j.
Calculations hydrometer analysis data worksheet, appendix e, fig. The hydrometer used is an astm type 152h figure 1, which reads grams of sediment in ml of suspension. This is a measure of the ability of the soil particles to stick to one another. This video is prepared in 2011 by middle east technical university civil engineering department undergraduate students makbule ilgac, gizem can, and. Detail description of sieve analysis and hydrometer tests.
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. Description, hydrometer analysis, sieve analysis, atterberg limits, and water content. Ms mass of soil used in the suspension in gm percent finer for combined sieve and mp hydrometer analysis p%. Sieve analysis and hydrometer tests lab report free download as pdf. Apply meniscus correction to the actual hydrometer reading. The hydrometer analysis determines the relative proportions of fine sand, silt and clay contained in a given. From table 1, obtain the effective hydrometer depth l in cm for meniscus corrected reading.
Mixture was stirred using a mixture and kept to soak for 16 hours. G 1 is the specific gravity of soil and has to be measured separately. Particle size analysis lab university of minnesota duluth. Sept 2004 particle size analysis hydrometer method 1. Laboratory 2 hydrometer analysis atterberg limits sand equivalent test introduction grain size analysis is widely used for the classification of soils and for specifications of soil for airfields, roads, earth dams, and other soil embankment construction. In geotechnical engineering, hydrometer analysis is primarily used to know the grain size distribution of a fine grained soil. In this post i will share with you the following things. Hydrometer analysis a hydrometer analysis is required to determine the particle size distribution for that portion of the soil which passes through a no. The operation of the hydrometer is based on the archimedes principle that a solid. Particle size analysis for soil texture determination hydrometer method active in use from 20080701 abstract. Hydrometer analysis is when soil is mixed with water.
Hydrometer method hydrometer 0 gl pure distilled water 18o c 0 gl hydrometer. Engineering properties of soils based on laboratory testing prof. The method is based on stokes law governing the rate of sedimentation of particles suspended in water. Nov 18, 2015 in geotechnical engineering, hydrometer analysis is primarily used to know the grain size distribution of a fine grained soil. By knowing the soil classification, the engineer already has a fairly good idea of the way the soil. Aim to determine grain size distribution of soil, which contains appreciable quantity of soil passing astm 200 sieve 0. Soil classification categorizes soils according to their probable engineering behavior. We offer complete sales, service and calibrations from our locations throughout canada including electronic, electrical, hydraulic to 10,000 psi and mechanical onsite calibrations to c.
Particle size analysis hydrometer method uw soil and. Thus, the lower the density of the liquid being investigated, the further the hydrometer. The hydrometer analysis per astm d422 was conducted to determine the distribution of the finer soil particles of the soil sample. Application the percentage of sand, silt and clay in the inorganic fraction of soil is measured in this procedure. Soil mechanics laboratory b wet sieving and hydrometer analysis is. Grain size analysis islamic azad university of isfahan. Laboratory analysis of soil texture laboratory analysis sedimentation sand, silt, and clay fraction gravity drag drag sand silt clay sand silt clay sand silt sedimentation.
Weighted soil was placed in a beaker and 125 ml of the sodium hexametaphosphate solution 40glitre was added. Hydrometer analysis is a good indicator of the clay content of a soil because the behaviour of the soils. A hydrometer is an instrument that measures the specific gravity of a liquid. Laboratory 2 grain size hydrometer method atterberg limits introduction grain size analysis is widely used for the classification of soils and for specifications of soil for airfields, roads, earth dam s, and other soil embankment cons truction. The testing will be accompanied by means of a hydrometer. Dec, 2017 hydrometer analysis for soil sedimentation 1. Soil and water are mixed together, a hydrometer is inserted for 2 minutes, taking readings at 0.
Hydrometer analysis, particle size distribution of soil. The settlement of a diffused soil sample in water depends on the shape, size, and weight of the soil particles and the. The process of performing the hydrometer test involves preparing a solution of soil and a deflocculating agent and allowing it to sit for 812 hours. This report documents the development of four procedures as presented in the third edition, related to gradation analysis, as follows. The accuracy of hydrometer analysis for finegrained clay particles article pdf available in geotechnical testing journal 234 december 2000 with 2,649 reads how we measure reads. Reinsert the hydrometer in the soil suspension for readings at periods of 30, 93 and 420 minutes, taken in the same manner as above.
The percentage of sand, silt and clay in the inorganic fraction of soil. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Grain size hydrometer method atterberg limits introduction grain size analysis is widely used for the classification of soils and for specifications of soil for airfields, roads, earth dam s, and other soil embankment cons truction. The soil that was used in this particular laboratory. Obtain the hydrometer reading grams of soil in suspension.
Add 150 ml of hydrogen peroxide to the soil sample placed in a wide mouth conical flask and stir it gently for few minutes with a glass rod. Pdf the accuracy of hydrometer analysis for finegrained. Usbr 5325 performing gradation analysis of gravelsize fraction of soils usbr 5330 performing gradation analysis of fines and sandsize fraction of soils, including hydrometer analysis. May 19, 2016 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Thus, the lower the density of the liquid being investigated, the further the hydrometer will sink. The specific gravity depends upon the mass of solids present, which in turn depends upon the particle size. Particle size analysis for soils is performed in order to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil sample in accordance to astm d422. The sand, silt, and clay contents of several soil samples.
Particle size analysis ii hydrometer analysis gel 324 sedimentology introduction hydrometer analysis provides an approximate particlesize distribution for particles whose median diameters smaller than 4. Iit gandhinagar, soil mechanics lab page2 indian institute of technology gandhinagar department of civil engineering soil mechanics laboratory hydrometer analysis. Procedures preparation of soil sample for hydrometer analysis. Take 40 gm of the oven dry soil sample after removing soluble salts and organic matter if any.
This equipment is relatively inexpensive and readily available and, for routine analysis in soils, sedimentation, and engineering laboratories, the pipet and hydrometer are the standard tools for finefraction analysis. The amount of air in soil depends on the size of soil particles. Introduction introduction the hydrometer test is used to. Particle size analysis of soils by means of the hydrometer. The hydrometer measures the specific gravity of the soil suspension at the center of its bulb. What is the theory behind hydrometer analysis of soil. The hydrometer measures the cohesiveness of the soil sample. This manual describes the procedure used by the geotechnical engineering bureau. The procedure utilizes stokes law of settling velocity for. This video is prepared in 2011 by middle east technical university civil engineering department undergraduate students makbule ilgac, gizem. A dispenser for distilled water to wash the container when transferring the hydrometer analysis sample from one container to another. Hydrometers work according to the archimedes principle. The test is conducted on that fraction of a soil sample.
The soil that was used in this particular laboratory test was from burleson, texas. Repeat step 4 and 5 to obtain hydrometer readings within 0. The hydrometer analysis determines the relative proportions of fine sand, silt and clay contained in a. If it is not possible to take a 420 minute reading, take a substitute reading at the end of the day, noting the elapsed time. A dispenser for distilled water to wash the container when transferring the hydrometer analysis sample. The hydrometer is calibrated to read grams of soil material in suspension. Hydrometer analysis atterberg limits sand equivalent test introduction grain size analysis is widely used for the classification of soils and for specifications of soil for airfields, roads, earth dams, and other soil embankment construction. After the experiment, this report concludes that the soil sample that was analyzed.
The hydrometer method also gave, by substraction, results comparable to the wet sieve method for particles 43 and 53 frequent insertion and removal of the hydrometer from suspension, as needed in detailed particlesize analysis, did not affect the accuracy of the hydrometer. The velocity of the certain particles can be seen and exemplified in the stokes law equation. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of nonorganic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal, soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. The hydrometer measures the cohesiveness of the soil. Soil particle size distribution by hydrometer method. Grain size analysis sieve and hydrometer analysis purpose. Indian institute of technology gandhinagar department of. A soil sample of known weight was placed into a mlgraduated cylinder with tap water, was shaken by a lab technician to uniformly suspend the soil. A minor soil type, if not critical, may be given a visual classification, instead of performing classification tests for reference. The hydrometer test procedure involves lowering a hydrometer into a soilwater suspension at different times to determine the density of the. Analysis of results we combine the results of the sieve and hydrometer analysis we then generate the complete particle distribution of the soil sample. Ce 344 geotechnical engineering sessionali lab manual.
Abstract hydrometer analysis occurs when soils include soil particles that are finer than what can be analyzed using a sieve analysis test alone. Record the readings on the data sheet for hydrometer readings. The density of the soil suspension is determined with a hydrometer calibrated to read in grams of solids per liter after the sand settles out and again after the silt settles. Weigh 50 to 100g of ovendried soil sample m d passing the 4. The percent finer is read directly from the hydrometer when the particle density is 2. The hydrometer method of determining the colloidal content of soils produced results suitable for use in the research activities of the y. Weighted soil was placed in a beaker and 125 ml of the sodium hexametaphosphate solution. This method describes a procedure for the quantitative determination of.
Sieve analysis and hydrometer tests lab report physical. Before starting of hydrometer analysis, we should know the whole procedure and calculation of sieve analysis. Soil gradation sieve analysis is the distribution of particle sizes expressed as a percent of the total dry weight. By knowing the soil classification, the engineer already has a fairly good idea of the way the soil will behave during construction. L 1 is the hydrometer reading and t 1 is the time passed. According to the stokes equation, all particles larger than d 1 have settled below the hydrometer level. Hydrometer test is carried out to quantitatively determine the particlegrain size distribution for soil particles of size. One laboratory analysis method of determining the quantity of sand, silt and clay in soil is called the bouyoucos hydrometer. Lab manual mainly deals with the common and standard laboratory tests on different types of soil. The sand, silt, and clay contents of several soil samples were determined using the pipette method as a control and compared with. According to this law, the velocity at which grains settles out of suspension, all other factors being equal, is dependent upon the shape, weight. Simplified hydrometer analysis results left, particle size distribution graph for hydrometer analysis right iii. Sieve analysis and hydrometer tests lab report free download as pdf file. Fill the cylinder to the lower mark with distilled water after placing lab.
Krishna reddy, uic 44 experiment 6 grain size analysis sieve and hydrometer analysis purpose. Take the fine soil from the bottom pan of the sieve set, place it into a beaker, and add 125 ml of the dispersing agent sodium hexametaphosphate 40 gl solution. Image analysis instruments may report distributions based on particle length as opposed to. This is done to get a better understanding of the grainsize distribution and percentage of silt and clay in a sample soil. Soil particle analysis determines the size of soil particles and can be used to estimate the soils ability to hold and treat wastewater. Those soils can be directly dry sieved rather than wet. Sieve analysis and hydrometer tests lab report physical sciences. The hydrometer is reinserted in the suspension and readings are taken after periods of 8, 15 and 30 minutes. Hydrometer analysis is governed by the principal of sedimentation of soil grains in water. Transfer quantitatively the suspension to the settling cylinder by washing the cup with distilled water. Are determined by shaking it through the required sieve sizes. Both analytical techniques are sedimentation procedures accepted as standard techniques for particlesize analysis. The mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, largersized particles, and the hydrometer. The procedure used followed astm standard d422, standard test method for particlesize analysis of soils.
Engineering properties of soils based on laboratory testing. The hydrometer analysis is used to determine the percentage of clay in the soil sample. Hydrometer analysis particle size distribution of soils test, astm d7928 hydrometer analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of the particlesize distribution of the material that is smaller than 75. Introduction the hydrometer analysis is used with soil that is finer than u. Add 150 ml of hydrogen peroxide to the soil sample. The feel of a soil texture varies with mineralogy, so laboratory measured samples can help one learn the feel of soils in a particular region. Field identification tests of soil and laboratory tests like grain size analysis by sieve and hydrometer tests. This method quantitatively determines the physical proportions of three sizes of primary soil particles as determined by their settling rates in an aqueous solution using a hydrometer. Field identification tests of soil and laboratory tests like grain size analysis by sieve and hydrometer tests, specific gravity test, moisture content determination test, organic content.
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